From Fossil Energy to Renewable Energy: Why is Circular Economy Needed in the Energy Transition?

For decades, renewable energy consumption has been presented as the ultimate solution to reduce pollutant gas emissions. However, their production, marketing, and, above all, are not entirely climate neutral, so society needs new practices, such circular energy, achieve a more efficient transition ( Khan et al., 2021a ; 2021d ). This study aims at exploring effects of intensity, and forestation on CO2 emissions for developed developing countries. Owing cross-country income disparity, data were categorized into four distinct groups: lower, lower-middle, upper-middle, high-income over period 1980–2018. The Pedroni Fisher-Johnson estimators pooled employed determining plausible presence long-run co-integrating relationship between model variables. all country groups, cointegration testing results reveal significant association id="m3">CO2 emission its determinants. Fisher-Johansen estimator yield mixed results, with low- lower-middle groups outperforming other two groups. magnitude this is less substantial, particularly in case forestation. intensity turns out be most influential determinant id="m4">CO2 emissions, holding positive coefficient value ranging from 0.30 1.31. Renewable second important id="m5">CO2 In forestation, series imparts (statistically) only lower-middle-income overall back idea curtailing existing levels encouraging exploration use sources policy tool against controlling prevalent situation carbon-based our subject group